A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LEAD CITY UNIVERSITY, IBADAN

ABSTRACT

This study was investigated the systematic review of waste management in lead City University, Ibadan. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed to collect data. A total of 303 respondents randomly selected served as respondents. A structured questionnaire was administered to respondents to determine their knowledge and practice on solid and health waste management. Whereas non-participatory observation checklist was used to collect data on their current practices as regards to Solid and health waste management. Data were analysed, and presented as descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 and hypothesis was tested using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Findings revealed that there was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between their knowledge and practice. Majority of the respondents (78.2%) had high knowledge on solid and health waste management, 20.5% had moderate knowledge, while few (1.3%) had low knowledge about solid and health waste management. The practice of solid and health waste management is moderate but not adequate. In conclusion, management of solid and health wastes has become one of the critical concerns in developing countries especially Nigeria. Solid and health waste is dangerous, if handled, treated or disposed incorrectly can spread diseases, and poison people, livestock, wild animals, plants and ecosystems. Healthcare institutions must utilize the most practical options to achieve acceptable standards and practices for Solid and health waste management using available technologies. Measures to improve the Solid and health waste management practices in Lead City University and the country at large is to enhance training on solid and health waste management. It is recommended that colour coded bag should be made available for segregation of waste.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.4 Research questions

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope of the study

1.7 Limitation of the study

1.8 Operational definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual review

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.3 Empirical review

2.4 Conceptual Framework

2.5 Summary of gap in literature

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Population

3.3 Sample and sampling Technique

3.5 Description of the research instruments

3.6 Validity

3.7 Reliability of the Instrument

3.8 Method of Data Collection

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

3.10 Ethical Consideration

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Results

4.2 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations

5.4 Contributions to knowledge

5.5 Suggestion for further Studies

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Solid and health waste threatens the public health due to its contagious nature. Dehghani et al. (2018) noted that Solid and health waste (SHW) if not appropriately managed can be a serious threat to human health due to their infectious attributes. Nigeria, one of developing countries, has health issues that are competing for limited resources; it is not amazing that solid and health waste management receives less attention and precedence than it merits (Abd El-Salam, 2020). Therefore, there is a serious challenge in developing countries, where there are no Institutional provisions for solid and health waste management. Clinical wastes are disposed openly in the dumpsite along with municipal waste and the practice make the members of the community gain access to it which may lead to outbreak of infectious diseases (Alagoz and Kocasoy 2018). Cheng et al. (2019) noted that as small as solid and health waste is in proportion to the total community waste, its management is considered an important issue worldwide. World Health Organization (2020) reported that 15% of total waste generated in the healthcare facility is hazardous and must be properly segregated at the point of generation to prevent the whole solid and health waste becoming 100% hazardous. The World Health Organization estimates that each year there are about 8 to 16 million new cases of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 2.3 to 4.7 million cases of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 80,000 to 160,000 cases of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) due to unsafe injections disposal and mostly due to very poor waste management systems.

Across the globe, the risk associated with Solid and health waste (SHW) and its management has gained tremendous attention from health practitioners and non practitioners. If healthcare facilities know the types and quantities of clinical waste generated, it will help them in planning, budgeting adequate revenue for the management of hazardous waste (Bongayi, 2019). A study conducted by Olubukola (2019) in two General hospitals at Lagos reported that due to lack of quantification of solid and health waste, there was no waste reduction plan in the hospitals.

This lack of plan for solid and health waste management eventually leads to inadequate waste segregation at point of use, collection, storage and final disposal (Amosu et al. 2016) This poor solid and health waste management practice creates health hazards for health workers, patients and the environment. Identified gaps like lack of colour code bags for segregation of solid and health waste at point of use, lack of guidelines on segregation and disposal for health workers lead to poor solid and health waste management in hospitals. The mismanagement of solid and health waste by healthcare facilities does not pose health hazard to health workers and patients alone but also to patients’ visitors and the area where they are improperly disposed by contaminating the soil, air and water. Healthcare facilities are supposed to protect the health of people in their environment, not to be a creator of potential health hazard for them.

Furthermore, increase in patient turned-out has increase the generation of solid and health waste. Brink et al. (2016) also reported that increase in population results to increase in healthcare facilities that lead to increased solid and health waste generation. It is expected that because of this increase, more attention should be paid to and priority given to proper solid and health waste management in Abeokuta South Local Government (ASLG). Management of solid and health waste continues to present an array of challenges especially as economic situation of the country deepen daily therefore, solid and health waste management has become a concern.

So many studies have been conducted on solid and health waste management but little or no work has been done concerning segregation of clinical waste which is a vital aspect in solid and health waste management (Coker et al., 2019). Segregation of waste is crucial in solid and health waste management because it is the first step in clinical waste management. Segregation of solid and health waste helps in reduction of the quantity of waste that is hazardous. Once solid and health waste are segregated, collection will be easy, proper storage will be done and disposal of infectious waste carried out in the way that it will not pose any harm to health workers, patients and the environment (WHO, 2020). Proper management of solid and health waste depends on good organization, sufficient funding and active participation of trained personnel. It was observed that healthcare facilities were not spending resources on clinical waste management Healthcare facility must allocate resources for colour coded bags and training of generator of solid and health waste for proper segregation and disposal for its sustainability (Ndidi et al., 2019).

The management of solid waste continues to be a major challenge in urban areas throughout the world particularly in urban areas especially in the rapidly growing cities of the developing world (Foo, 1997). A high rate of population growth and increasing per capita income have resulted in the generation of an enormous volume of solid waste, which poses a serious threat to environmental quality and human health (Snigdha, 2003). Access to sanitation services and clean adequate water are therefore regarded as crucial to the health and wellbeing of people. As more cities become industrialized, the congenital problem of waste management comes along with it. This study seeks to fill the gap by looking at how waste is being transported, disposed, attitudes towards waste disposal and what the management of Lead City University need to do to work together with the health sectors in order to improve the environmental and health status of students in the University.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Indiscriminate dumping of untreated hospital waste in Municipal bins increases the chances of survival and mutation of pathogenic microorganism population in the municipal waste, which can lead to disease epidemics and increased incidence of communicable disease in the area (Williams, 2017). The prevalence of infectious disease like Hepatitis B, C, Measles, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Tuberculosis, Chickenpox, Cholera and others has also been traced to the inappropriate segregation and disposal of hospital waste (Hossain et al., 2021). In Ogun State, the researcher observed that the healthcare facilities neglected solid and health waste management in the area of segregation and disposal. Materials required for segregation and disposal of these hospital wastes are not provided by the constituted authority, thus these pose a serious threat to the health workers, patients, environments and the area at large (Yong et al., 2019). There have been recent cases of hospital acquired infectious diseases among health workers which has been traced to contamination from solid and health waste, leading to untimely death of some of these health workers (Rappe and Nyregen, 2019). This study will analyze the waste management practices in Lead City University, Ibadan and propose measures which need to be put in place by the school management so as to find better and environmental friendly ways of waste management.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to carry out a systematic review of waste management in Lead City University, Ibadan. Specifically, the study sought to carry out;

1. Comprehensive characteristics and quantification of waste generated in lead city university, Ibadan.

2. Assessment of health & environmental hazard of solid and health care waste in lead city University.

1.4 Research questions

1. What are the comprehensive characteristics and quantification of waste generated in Lead City University, Ibadan?

2. What is the assessment of health & environmental hazard of solid and health care waste in Lead City University?

1.5 Significance of the study

Students spend most of their time at schools than at homes; therefore, schools must meet the required standards of hygiene and sanitation to avoid any inconveniences and crises related to inadequate waste management attitude and practices. Many studies have indicated that most schools face challenges regarding waste collection and disposal facilities. The poor solid waste management problem has become one of the major concerns for Lead City University. It is an important element to consider in safeguarding public health and ensuring environmental protection: i.e. protection against short-term direct and indirect health risks due to poor waste collection and disposal in the study area.

This study seeks to assess the better ways to improve solid waste management through improved solid waste storage, collection and transport processes prior to disposal. The results of this study will add valuable information to be availed to the general public about solid waste collection and transport processes essential elements in solid waste management. Since better solid waste management improves the health of all citizens, sustainability of the environment, beauty of the environment and attract more students to Lead City University.

1.6 Scope of the study

This study focused on the main objective, which was the systematic review of waste management in Lead City University, Ibadan.

1.7 Limitation of the study

The busy schedule of the students was a limitation with erroneous and biasness due to human nature forming additional factors that limit the study. The researcher also faced financial limitations as it had a relatively high-cost implications and had to stick to the budget schedule for the study.

The study was unable to adequately assess solid waste generation among all the respondents because of uncooperative attitude from some administrators. It seems in spite of assurance of confidentiality, there was hidden fear that the findings might be reported to higher authorities for action.

1.8 Operational definition of terms

Health facilities: are places that offer health care which consist of hospitals, clinics and primary health centres.

Healthcare waste (HCW) is a by-product of healthcare facility that includes sharps, non-sharps, blood, body parts or tissues, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and radioactive materials generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization or research.

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is the generation, segregation, and disposal of healthcare waste.

Practice: is the routine or accepted procedure or way of handling waste.

Solid waste: solid waste means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, health activities, and agricultural operations, and from community activities.

Waste management: Waste management includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.