ANALYSIS ON THE INCREASING CASES OF MORTALITY RATE AMONG ADOLESCENCE IN IDUMUOZA, UROMI, EDO STATE AS A RESULT OF CRIMINAL ABORTION

Abstract

This study investigated the prevalence of criminal abortion, contributing factors, and knowledge of outcomes and risks among Nigerian women, with a focus on comparing data from 2022 and 2024. A quantitative survey research design was adopted to achieve these objectives. A structured questionnaire was developed and administered to a sample of 120 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The data collected were analyzed using frequency tables, simple percentages, mean, and standard deviation. To test the hypotheses, a one-sample t-test was employed to evaluate differences and relationships within the data. The findings revealed that the prevalence of criminal abortion was perceived to be higher in 2022 compared to 2024, although statistical analysis indicated no significant decrease in criminal abortion cases between the two years. This result suggests that despite efforts to address the issue, the rates of criminal abortion remained largely unchanged. Socio-economic factors were identified as major contributors to the high incidence of criminal abortion, with a significant proportion of respondents agreeing that these factors influenced the occurrence of such practices. Cultural and religious beliefs also played a significant role, with a majority of respondents acknowledging their impact on criminal abortion. Regarding knowledge about the health risks associated with criminal abortion, the study found that Nigerian women had a relatively high level of awareness. Educational programs designed to increase awareness were deemed effective, as evidenced by the positive responses from the majority of participants. However, despite this knowledge, the high rates of criminal abortion persisted, highlighting a gap between awareness and behavior. The study concluded that while Nigerian women were informed about the risks and consequences of criminal abortion, significant socio-economic and cultural factors continued to drive the practice. The results emphasized the need for more comprehensive interventions addressing these underlying factors to reduce the prevalence of criminal abortion effectively. Based on the findings, several recommendations were made. Firstly, there should be increased efforts to integrate educational programs into community health initiatives, ensuring they address both knowledge and practical solutions for preventing criminal abortion. Secondly, policy reforms are necessary to address socio-economic disparities and legal restrictions that contribute to criminal abortion. Thirdly, more research is needed to explore regional variations and long-term trends in criminal abortion to inform targeted interventions. Fourthly, mental health support and counseling services should be expanded to address the psychological trauma associated with criminal abortion. Finally, enhancing healthcare access and support systems for women in vulnerable situations could help reduce reliance on unsafe abortion practices. These measures are crucial in bridging the gap between awareness and effective prevention of criminal abortion in Nigeria.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Criminal abortion, defined as the termination of pregnancy through illegal means, remains a significant public health issue worldwide. Despite advancements in medical science and the availability of safer, legal abortion procedures, criminal abortion persists, particularly in regions with restrictive abortion laws. The consequences of criminal abortion are dire, often resulting in severe health complications, maternal mortality, and long-term psychological trauma for the women involved. For instance, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that unsafe abortions contribute significantly to maternal mortality, especially in low-resource settings, highlighting the severe health risks associated with these procedures (World Health Organization, 2023).

In many countries, including Nigeria, the legal landscape surrounding abortion is restrictive, pushing women to seek clandestine and unsafe procedures. The Nigerian context presents a particularly challenging scenario, where cultural, religious, and legal factors intertwine to influence women's reproductive choices. Ethnic differentials in under-five mortality also reflect broader issues of health inequities that impact maternal health and abortion practices (Adedini et al., 2023). These restrictive laws not only limit access to safe abortion services but also stigmatize women who seek them, further complicating their plight.

The prevalence of criminal abortion in Nigeria is alarming, with many women resorting to unsafe methods due to lack of access to safe and legal options. A study by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (2022) reveals that young women's sexual and reproductive lives are significantly affected by the lack of safe abortion services, forcing them to take desperate measures. This highlights the urgent need for policy reform to provide safe and legal avenues for abortion, thereby reducing the risks associated with unsafe procedures.

Contributing factors to criminal abortion in Nigeria include socio-cultural pressures, lack of education, and economic constraints. For example, socio-cultural factors play a significant role in maternal morbidity and mortality in Sokoto, where societal norms and beliefs heavily influence women's health choices (Shehu, 2020). Women often face intense societal pressure to conform to traditional norms, which can lead to unsafe abortion practices when unintended pregnancies occur. Additionally, the economic burden of raising a child can compel women to seek unsafe abortions.

Knowledge of the outcomes and risks associated with criminal abortion is often limited among women in Nigeria. This lack of awareness exacerbates the dangers they face when opting for illegal procedures. In regions like Sokoto, adolescent maternal mortality remains high due to a combination of limited knowledge and access to safe reproductive health services (Airede & Ekele, 2023). Increasing educational efforts and awareness campaigns can help mitigate these risks by informing women of the dangers and legal alternatives available.

Despite the challenges, there have been efforts to address the issue of criminal abortion and its consequences. For instance, the progress of nations report by UNICEF (2000) emphasizes the importance of improving maternal health services and increasing access to reproductive health education. These efforts aim to reduce the incidence of unsafe abortions and improve overall maternal health outcomes.

However, the legal restrictions on abortion in Nigeria continue to pose significant barriers. A study on the spatial distribution and factors associated with under-five mortality in Nigeria underscores the complex interplay of legal, socio-economic, and cultural factors that affect maternal health (Fagbamigbe & Nnanatu, 2021). These findings suggest that addressing the issue of criminal abortion requires a multifaceted approach that includes legal reform, education, and improved access to health services.

The long-term psychological trauma associated with criminal abortion is another critical aspect that needs attention. Women who undergo unsafe abortions often experience significant emotional and psychological distress, which can have lasting effects on their mental health. Research by Olopha et al. (2021) on the determinants of knowledge regarding mother-to-child transmission of HIV also highlights the importance of mental health support in maternal health care. Providing psychological support and counseling for women who have undergone unsafe abortions is crucial in addressing this aspect of the issue.

Comparing data from 2022 and 2024 can provide valuable insights into the trends and changes in criminal abortion practices in Nigeria. For example, maternal deaths in teenage mothers remain a persistent problem, as evidenced by a study on maternal mortality in Ilorin, Nigeria (Nkata, 2021). By examining the changes over time, policymakers and health professionals can better understand the impact of interventions and identify areas that require further attention.

Addressing the issue of criminal abortion in Nigeria also involves understanding the broader health system challenges. Inequities in child survival during the Sustainable Development Goal era, as analyzed by Adeyinka et al. (2020), highlight the systemic issues that affect maternal and child health. Improving health infrastructure, increasing funding for maternal health services, and ensuring equitable access to these services are essential steps in tackling the problem of criminal abortion.

Ultimately, the goal is to create an environment where women have access to safe, legal, and affordable abortion services, thereby reducing the incidence of criminal abortion and its associated risks. The report on advancing young adult reproductive health by Focus on Young Adults (2021) emphasizes the need for comprehensive reproductive health programs that address the needs of young women. These programs should include education, access to contraception, and safe abortion services to ensure that women can make informed choices about their reproductive health.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Criminal abortion, defined as the termination of pregnancy through illegal means, remains a pervasive issue with dire consequences for women's health and well-being, particularly in countries with restrictive abortion laws like Nigeria. Despite numerous studies highlighting the dangers and high prevalence of unsafe abortions, significant gaps persist in the existing body of research that need to be addressed to formulate effective interventions.

One major gap in the literature is the comparative analysis of the prevalence of criminal abortion over time. While several studies have documented the prevalence of unsafe abortions, there is limited longitudinal data that captures trends and shifts in criminal abortion practices, particularly between specific years such as 2022 and 2024. This temporal analysis is crucial to understanding whether interventions and policy changes are having a significant impact or if the situation is worsening (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2022).

Another gap lies in the comprehensive identification and analysis of the contributing factors to criminal abortion. Existing research often focuses on individual factors such as socio-economic status, education, and access to healthcare. However, there is a lack of integrated studies that examine the interplay of cultural, religious, legal, and economic factors in a holistic manner. For instance, Shehu (2020) emphasizes the role of socio-cultural factors in maternal morbidity and mortality, but there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of how these factors collectively contribute to the incidence of criminal abortion.

Furthermore, the knowledge and awareness of the outcomes and risks associated with criminal abortion among Nigerian women remain underexplored. While studies like those by Olopha et al. (2021) highlight the importance of education and awareness, there is insufficient data on how well-informed women are about the specific dangers of unsafe abortions and the available legal alternatives. This gap in knowledge dissemination needs to be filled to design better educational and outreach programs.

Lastly, the psychological and long-term health impacts of criminal abortion are areas that require more attention. Most studies focus on the immediate physical health consequences, but the lasting psychological trauma and its effects on women's mental health are often overlooked (Airede & Ekele, 2023). Addressing these gaps through targeted research can lead to more comprehensive and effective strategies to combat the issue of criminal abortion in Nigeria.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are:

1. To compare the prevalence of criminal abortion between the years 2022 and 2024.
2. To identify the contributing factors to criminal abortion in Nigeria.
3. To assess the knowledge of outcomes and risks associated with criminal abortion among women in Nigeria.

1.4 Research Questions

The study will be guided by the following research questions:

1. What is the prevalence of criminal abortion in Nigeria in 2022 compared to 2024?
2. What are the key factors contributing to the occurrence of criminal abortion in Nigeria?
3. What is the level of knowledge among Nigerian women regarding the outcomes and risks of criminal abortion?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The study will test the following hypotheses:

1. There is no significant difference in the prevalence of criminal abortion between the years 2022 and 2024.
2. Socio-economic, cultural, and legal factors do not significantly contribute to the incidence of criminal abortion in Nigeria.
3. The level of knowledge regarding the outcomes and risks of criminal abortion among Nigerian women is not significantly low.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study on criminal abortion in Nigeria is multifaceted, addressing critical public health, legal, and socio-cultural dimensions. Criminal abortion, characterized by the termination of pregnancy through illegal means, poses severe risks to women's health and well-being. Understanding the prevalence, contributing factors, and knowledge of outcomes and risks associated with criminal abortion is vital for several reasons.

Firstly, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of criminal abortion, comparing data from 2022 and 2024. This temporal comparison will help identify trends and changes in abortion practices over time. Such insights are essential for evaluating the effectiveness of existing policies and interventions. By understanding whether the prevalence of criminal abortion is increasing or decreasing, policymakers and healthcare providers can adjust their strategies accordingly. This data-driven approach ensures that resources are allocated efficiently and interventions are designed to address the most pressing issues.

Secondly, the study seeks to identify and analyze the factors contributing to criminal abortion in Nigeria. This involves examining a wide range of socio-cultural, economic, legal, and educational factors that influence women's decisions to seek illegal abortions. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions that address the root causes of criminal abortion. For instance, if economic constraints are found to be a significant factor, efforts can be made to improve women's access to affordable healthcare and contraception. Similarly, if cultural or religious beliefs are influencing abortion practices, community-based education and outreach programs can be designed to challenge and change these norms.

Thirdly, the study aims to assess the level of knowledge and awareness among Nigerian women regarding the outcomes and risks associated with criminal abortion. This aspect is particularly significant because lack of knowledge can lead to poor decision-making and increased health risks. By evaluating women's understanding of the dangers of illegal abortions and the availability of safer alternatives, this study can inform the development of educational campaigns and programs. Improving knowledge and awareness is a key step in reducing the incidence of unsafe abortions and promoting women's health.

Moreover, the study has broader implications for public health and women's rights. Criminal abortion is not only a health issue but also a human rights concern. Women have the right to make informed choices about their reproductive health, and restrictive abortion laws often infringe upon this right. By highlighting the adverse consequences of criminal abortion and advocating for legal reforms, this study can contribute to the broader movement for reproductive justice. Legalizing and regulating abortion can significantly reduce the health risks associated with unsafe procedures and ensure that women have access to safe and legal reproductive health services.

Furthermore, the findings of this study can be used to influence policy at both the national and international levels. Policymakers can use the evidence gathered to advocate for changes in abortion laws, improve healthcare infrastructure, and allocate resources to reproductive health services. International organizations and donors can also use the findings to support initiatives aimed at reducing maternal mortality and improving women's health in Nigeria and similar contexts.

Finally, this study contributes to the academic literature on reproductive health and criminal abortion. It provides a nuanced and comprehensive analysis that can serve as a reference for future research. By filling the existing gaps in knowledge, this study paves the way for further investigations and interdisciplinary collaborations. Researchers, healthcare professionals, and advocates can build on the findings to develop innovative solutions and strategies to address the complex issue of criminal abortion.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to the examination of criminal abortion in Nigeria, focusing on data from 2022 and 2024. The study includes a comparative analysis of the prevalence of criminal abortion between these two years, an investigation into the factors contributing to the incidence of criminal abortion, and an assessment of the knowledge levels among women regarding the outcomes and risks of these procedures. The study population consists of women of reproductive age who have sought abortion services, either legally or illegally, within the specified time frame. Data collection methods include surveys, interviews, and secondary data analysis from healthcare institutions and relevant organizations involved in reproductive health.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

1. Criminal Abortion: The termination of pregnancy through illegal means, often involving unlicensed practitioners or unsafe methods.
2. Prevalence: The proportion of a population found to have a particular condition (in this case, criminal abortion) at a specific time.
3. Contributing Factors: Elements or conditions that increase the likelihood of criminal abortion, including socio-economic, cultural, and legal influences.
4. Outcomes: The results or consequences of criminal abortion, including health complications, maternal mortality, and psychological effects.
5. Risks: The potential negative impacts associated with criminal abortion, such as infection, hemorrhage, infertility, and death.
6. Knowledge: Awareness and understanding of the outcomes and risks associated with criminal abortion.
7. Maternal Mortality: The death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.
8. Reproductive Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system and its functions and processes.

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