FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCREASING USE OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC IN ISTH

This study investigated the factors influencing the use of psychoactive drugs among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH). Employing a quantitative survey research design, data were gathered using a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 120 respondents. The survey instrument was designed to capture socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge levels, attitudes, and perceptions of healthcare accessibility related to psychoactive drug use during pregnancy. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS27, employing descriptive statistics to summarize participant characteristics and t-tests to examine hypotheses regarding socio-demographic factors, knowledge levels, and healthcare system influences on drug use behaviors. The findings revealed several significant associations. Maternal age and educational attainment were found to be correlated with the likelihood of using psychoactive drugs during pregnancy, with younger women and those with lower educational levels more likely to engage in drug use. The study also highlighted variations in knowledge levels and attitudes towards drug risks among participants, underscoring the importance of targeted health education initiatives to enhance awareness and informed decision-making among pregnant women. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the pivotal role of healthcare system factors, particularly the accessibility and quality of prenatal care services, in shaping drug use behaviors among pregnant women. Recommendations include enhancing health education programs tailored to diverse educational backgrounds, improving the accessibility of prenatal care services, implementing robust screening protocols, and fostering community collaborations to support vulnerable groups effectively. These measures are crucial for mitigating the prevalence of psychoactive drug use during pregnancy and promoting better maternal and child health outcomes.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The use of psychoactive drugs among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics poses significant challenges to maternal and fetal health globally (Kennare, Heard, & Chan, 2019). These substances encompass a range of compounds, including prescription medications and illicit drugs, all of which have the potential to adversely affect pregnancy outcomes and newborn health (Caprara, Nash, & Greenbaum, 2021). In Nigeria, particularly at the Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), there has been a noticeable increase in the prevalence of psychoactive drug use among pregnant women (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2020). This trend underscores the urgent need to comprehend the underlying factors contributing to this phenomenon to inform targeted interventions and policies aimed at safeguarding maternal and child health.

Understanding the socio-demographic factors associated with psychoactive drug use among pregnant women is crucial (Smeriglio & Wilcox, 2021). Research indicates that factors such as maternal age, education level, and socioeconomic status play significant roles in determining drug use behaviors during pregnancy (Ebrahim & Gfroerer, 2023). These variables influence access to healthcare services and knowledge about the risks and benefits of drug use, highlighting the complexity of addressing substance use within antenatal care settings. Effective interventions must consider these socio-demographic factors to tailor strategies that promote healthier behaviors among pregnant women attending ISTH.

Healthcare system factors also contribute significantly to the prevalence of psychoactive drug use among pregnant women (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2020). Issues such as inadequate prenatal care services and gaps in healthcare provider knowledge and training can impact the detection and management of drug use during pregnancy (Anderson & Baumberg, 2020). Improving the quality and accessibility of antenatal care, including routine screening protocols and comprehensive counseling, is essential to mitigate the risks associated with prenatal drug exposure. Addressing these systemic challenges requires collaborative efforts between healthcare providers, policymakers, and community stakeholders to enhance maternal and child health outcomes at ISTH.

The attitudes and knowledge of pregnant women towards psychoactive drug use also influence their behavior during pregnancy (Lester et al., 2021). Positive attitudes towards drug use or misconceptions about the safety of certain substances can contribute to higher prevalence rates (Nicoles, 2021). Educational campaigns and targeted interventions aimed at improving awareness about the potential harms of drug use during pregnancy are essential. Providing accurate information and support services can empower pregnant women to make informed decisions that promote their health and that of their unborn children (Kennare, Heard, & Chan, 2019).

Furthermore, cultural and societal norms play a significant role in shaping perceptions and behaviors related to drug use among pregnant women (Christie, 2020). In some communities, there may be stigmas attached to seeking help for substance use disorders or pressures to conform to traditional practices that may involve drug consumption (Lester et al., 2021). Addressing cultural factors requires a nuanced approach that respects diverse beliefs while promoting evidence-based practices within healthcare settings. Sensitivity to cultural contexts can enhance the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of psychoactive drug use among pregnant women attending ISTH.

In essence, the increasing use of psychoactive drugs among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at ISTH presents complex challenges for maternal and fetal health. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach that considers socio-demographic factors, healthcare system challenges, attitudes and knowledge among pregnant women, and cultural influences. By understanding these factors and implementing targeted interventions and policies, healthcare providers and policymakers can work towards safeguarding maternal and child health, promoting healthier pregnancies, and improving outcomes for families in Nigeria and beyond (Kennare, Heard, & Chan, 2019).

1.2 Statement of Problem

The prevalence of psychoactive drug use among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics poses a significant and multifaceted problem for maternal and fetal health globally (Kennare, Heard, & Chan, 2019). In Nigeria, particularly at the Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), there is a disturbing rise in the incidence of psychoactive drug use among pregnant women, reflecting broader societal challenges and health disparities (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2020). This trend is concerning due to the well-documented risks associated with prenatal drug exposure, including adverse pregnancy outcomes and developmental issues in newborns (Caprara, Nash, & Greenbaum, 2021).

The problem extends beyond individual health risks to encompass broader public health implications. Substance use during pregnancy not only jeopardizes maternal health but also increases the likelihood of complications during childbirth and places infants at heightened risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome and long-term developmental delays (Ebrahim & Gfroerer, 2023). Moreover, the economic burden associated with managing these health consequences further underscores the urgency of addressing this issue comprehensively (Anderson & Baumberg, 2020).

Despite efforts to raise awareness and implement preventive measures, barriers persist in effectively addressing and mitigating psychoactive drug use among pregnant women. These barriers include insufficient access to comprehensive prenatal care, inadequate screening protocols, and societal norms that may normalize or condone drug use during pregnancy (Lester et al., 2021). Additionally, gaps in healthcare provider training and limited resources for addiction treatment exacerbate the challenge of providing timely and effective interventions (Nicoles, 2021).

Thus, understanding the complex interplay of socio-demographic, healthcare system, and cultural factors contributing to psychoactive drug use among pregnant women at ISTH is critical for developing targeted strategies and policies that can effectively mitigate this pressing public health issue.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to:

1. Investigate the socio-demographic factors influencing the use of psychoactive drugs among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at ISTH.
2. Assess the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women towards the risks and benefits of psychoactive drug use during pregnancy.
3. Examine the healthcare system factors contributing to the prevalence of psychoactive drug use among pregnant women in ISTH.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What socio-demographic characteristics are associated with the use of psychoactive drugs among pregnant women attending ISTH antenatal clinics?
2. What are the knowledge levels and attitudes of pregnant women towards the use of psychoactive drugs during pregnancy?
3. How do healthcare system factors, such as accessibility and quality of care, influence psychoactive drug use among pregnant women at ISTH?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were tested:

1. There is no significant association between maternal age and the use of psychoactive drugs during pregnancy.

2. Pregnant women with lower educational attainment are not more likely to use psychoactive drugs.

3. Inadequate prenatal care services do not contribute to the increased use of psychoactive drugs among pregnant women at ISTH.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The significance of studying the increasing use of psychoactive drugs among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at the Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH) in Nigeria extends far beyond individual health concerns to encompass broader societal and public health implications.

Firstly, addressing this issue is crucial for improving maternal and fetal health outcomes. Psychoactive drugs, including both prescription medications and illicit substances, pose significant risks during pregnancy. These risks range from miscarriages, premature birth, and low birth weight to developmental delays, congenital abnormalities, and long-term behavioral problems in children. By identifying the factors contributing to drug use among pregnant women at ISTH, healthcare providers can develop targeted interventions to minimize these risks and promote healthier pregnancies.

Secondly, understanding the socio-demographic and cultural factors influencing drug use is essential for tailoring effective healthcare strategies. Factors such as age, education level, socioeconomic status, and cultural beliefs can impact a woman's decision to use psychoactive drugs during pregnancy. By gaining insights into these factors, healthcare providers can design culturally sensitive interventions that resonate with the local community, thereby improving engagement and adherence to treatment and prevention programs.

Furthermore, this study holds significant implications for healthcare policy and practice. By generating empirical evidence on the prevalence and determinants of psychoactive drug use among pregnant women at ISTH, policymakers can advocate for improved healthcare infrastructure, enhanced prenatal care services, and increased funding for addiction treatment programs. Implementing evidence-based policies can help mitigate the social and economic costs associated with prenatal drug exposure, including healthcare expenditures and long-term educational and developmental support for affected children.

Moreover, this research contributes to global knowledge and informs international public health efforts. The findings from ISTH can be compared with similar studies from other regions and countries, providing a broader understanding of the factors influencing prenatal drug use worldwide. This comparative analysis can lead to the adoption of best practices and innovative approaches to address drug use in pregnancy, benefiting healthcare systems and maternal-child health outcomes globally.

Additionally, this study underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. By involving healthcare professionals, social workers, policymakers, and community leaders, stakeholders can work together to develop comprehensive, holistic approaches to support pregnant women struggling with substance use. This collaborative effort can foster a supportive environment that encourages women to seek help, reduces stigma associated with addiction, and promotes healthier behaviors throughout pregnancy and beyond.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study focused on pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at ISTH, exploring factors related to the use of psychoactive drugs. Data collection included socio-demographic characteristics, assessments of knowledge and attitudes, and evaluations of healthcare system factors influencing drug use.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

1. Psychoactive drugs: Substances that affect the central nervous system, altering mood, behavior, or consciousness.
2. Socio-demographic factors: Variables such as age, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status.
3. Healthcare system factors: Elements related to the organization and delivery of healthcare services, including accessibility, availability of resources, and quality of care.
4. Prenatal care services: Medical care provided to pregnant women before childbirth, including regular check-ups and screenings.
5. Knowledge levels: Understanding and awareness of the risks and benefits associated with psychoactive drug use during pregnancy.
6. Attitudes: Pregnant women's beliefs, opinions, and perceptions towards the use of psychoactive drugs during pregnancy.
7. Maternal health: Physical and mental well-being of pregnant women.
8. Fetal development: Growth and maturation of the unborn child during pregnancy.