KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND EFFECT OF POST NATAL EXERCISE AMONG POST NATAL MOTHERS IN OZOUBA HEALTH CENTER RIVERS STATE

Abstract

This study investigated the knowledge, attitude, and effects of postnatal exercise among postnatal mothers attending Ozouba Health Center in Rivers State. A quantitative survey research design was adopted, and a structured questionnaire was designed to collect data from a sample of 133 postnatal mothers. The sample was selected using purposive sampling, and the data was analyzed using frequency tables, simple percentages, mean and standard deviation. T-tests were used to test the hypotheses, which aimed to examine the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and the participation of postnatal mothers in postnatal exercise, as well as the effect of such exercises on their physical and psychological well-being. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents had a high level of knowledge about postnatal exercise and recognized its importance. Despite this awareness, a significant number of participants showed positive attitudes towards postnatal exercise, with most acknowledging its benefits for recovery. However, the level of motivation to engage in postnatal exercise regularly was somewhat low. The study also found that postnatal exercise had a positive effect on the physical well-being of the participants, with a majority reporting improvements in their overall health. Furthermore, the psychological and emotional benefits of postnatal exercise were also affirmed by the majority, suggesting a significant impact on their mental health. In terms of hypothesis testing, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of knowledge about postnatal exercise and participation in exercise, as well as a significant effect of postnatal exercise on the physical and psychological well-being of mothers. The study concluded that while postnatal exercise is recognized as beneficial, factors such as motivation and regular engagement need to be addressed to maximize its impact. Based on these findings, several recommendations were made. These included the need for increased awareness programs to emphasize the importance of postnatal exercise, the provision of more consistent guidance from healthcare providers, and the creation of supportive environments that encourage postnatal mothers to engage in regular exercise. It was also suggested that further research be conducted to explore the long-term effects of postnatal exercise and strategies for improving participation rates. Additionally, more focus should be given to addressing the psychological barriers that hinder consistent participation in postnatal exercise.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Postnatal exercise is a key component of maternal health that promotes physical and psychological well-being for mothers after childbirth. The postpartum period is marked by significant physiological and emotional changes as the mother’s body recovers from pregnancy and delivery. Exercise during this time has been found to support the mother’s physical recovery, improve mood, and alleviate symptoms of postpartum depression. This practice is particularly important for restoring muscle strength, enhancing flexibility, reducing fatigue, and supporting cardiovascular health (Kołomańska-Bogucka & Mazur-Bialy, 2019).

Beyond immediate physical recovery, postnatal exercise has long-term health benefits that may contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases. Research suggests that consistent exercise after childbirth can lower the risk of conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes by supporting weight management and improving metabolic health (Hammer, Perkins, & Parr, 2020). However, despite the established advantages, many new mothers lack awareness or have limited understanding of the importance of postnatal exercise. This lack of knowledge often results in low participation rates in postpartum physical activities.

In Nigeria, maternal health practices are heavily influenced by a mix of cultural, social, and economic factors. Many Nigerian mothers, particularly in rural areas, face barriers to accessing postpartum care, which includes exercise guidance. Facilities providing comprehensive postpartum care, including exercise programs, remain sparse, especially in low-resource settings. For instance, while health centers such as the Ozouba Health Center in Rivers State offer essential maternity and postpartum services, many mothers still lack access to information on postnatal exercise, resulting in limited participation (Sreenivasan, 2017).

Examining the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding postnatal exercise is crucial for identifying and addressing barriers to participation. Studies highlight that mothers’ participation in postnatal exercise is often constrained by factors such as lack of time, childcare responsibilities, and physical discomfort after delivery. Moreover, certain cultural beliefs may discourage exercise during the postpartum period, as some perceive it as unnecessary or even harmful. Addressing these misconceptions could help improve mothers’ engagement in postpartum exercise, ultimately supporting their health and well-being (Mbada et al., 2023).

Postpartum exercise not only has physical benefits but is also essential for mothers’ mental health. Many women experience emotional and psychological challenges after childbirth, which can be mitigated by regular exercise. For example, postnatal depression affects a considerable number of mothers, and physical activity has shown to be an effective intervention for reducing depressive symptoms and improving overall mood and quality of life (Daley et al., 2022). Exercise helps in releasing endorphins, which act as natural mood lifters and can counter the effects of postpartum depression, helping new mothers to feel more resilient and positive.

Despite the potential benefits of postnatal exercise, awareness and knowledge about it among Nigerian mothers are generally low. Studies indicate that many mothers lack the information and guidance necessary to understand how to safely engage in postnatal physical activity. Health professionals have a role to play in educating mothers about the safe and effective ways to exercise after childbirth, potentially through structured postpartum education sessions. In rural and underserved regions, outreach programs could serve as valuable resources for increasing awareness and engagement in postnatal exercise (Adeniyi, Ogwumike, & Bamikefa, 2023).

Moreover, attitudes towards postnatal exercise vary widely among Nigerian mothers, influenced by factors such as personal beliefs, family expectations, and socio-economic status. These attitudes significantly impact their decision to engage in postpartum physical activities. For instance, some women may feel pressure to prioritize household responsibilities over personal health needs, leading to reduced participation in postnatal exercise. In addition, there is a need to address the lack of social support structures that encourage new mothers to take time for their own health, including exercise (Ibrahim, 2023).

In Rivers State, Nigeria, the Ozouba Health Center provides essential maternal and postnatal health services to many women. However, there is limited data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of these mothers concerning postnatal exercise. Gaining insights into how mothers perceive and engage with postnatal exercise can inform the development of targeted interventions. By understanding the barriers and motivators that influence their participation, healthcare providers can design programs that align with the specific needs and cultural contexts of Nigerian mothers (Alharqi & Albattawi, 2018).

One of the critical challenges in promoting postnatal exercise is the lack of culturally appropriate exercise programs that resonate with the lifestyles and preferences of Nigerian mothers. Customized programs that incorporate culturally acceptable exercises could increase participation by making postnatal physical activity feel more relevant and accessible. Additionally, using community health workers to support and guide mothers in postnatal exercise can bridge the gap between healthcare facilities and communities, promoting sustained engagement in postpartum health practices (Mohamed & Ashok, 2019).

The physical benefits of postpartum exercise are well-documented, including improved cardiovascular health, enhanced muscle tone, and better joint mobility. Regular exercise helps mothers regain their pre-pregnancy body and manage weight gain, which can be particularly valuable for those at risk of obesity and related conditions. Furthermore, evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the likelihood of complications in future pregnancies, reinforcing its role in long-term maternal health (Wojno, Terlikowski, & Knapp, 2022).

Psychological support during the postpartum period is equally important, as new mothers often face anxiety, stress, and other mental health challenges. Exercise can serve as a form of self-care that empowers mothers to cope with the demands of motherhood while fostering positive self-image and mental well-being. Establishing a routine that includes exercise can be beneficial, providing a sense of control and stability during an otherwise overwhelming period (Larson-Meyer, 2023).

This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and participation of mothers in postnatal exercise at the Ozouba Health Center in Rivers State. By identifying the specific barriers and motivators related to postnatal exercise among Nigerian mothers, the research will contribute valuable insights that can inform public health policies and maternal health programs. This focus on understanding mothers’ perceptions and practices related to postnatal exercise is critical for developing supportive health interventions that prioritize both physical and mental health outcomes (Scott, 2021).

Research has shown that supportive healthcare environments can significantly improve postnatal exercise participation. Educating healthcare providers on the benefits of postnatal exercise and equipping them with resources to support mothers effectively can lead to improved maternal health outcomes. Health professionals, including midwives and nurses, play a vital role in promoting postnatal exercise by encouraging and guiding new mothers. In turn, well-informed healthcare providers can become advocates for postnatal health within their communities (Faiza, 2023).

Furthermore, addressing the practical challenges that prevent mothers from engaging in postnatal exercise is essential. For instance, providing childcare options or creating mother-and-child exercise programs can remove some of the common obstacles that new mothers face. By prioritizing these practical solutions, healthcare facilities can foster an environment where postnatal exercise becomes an accessible and valued aspect of maternal care. In this way, a more comprehensive approach to postnatal health can be achieved, benefiting both mothers and their families (Mbada & Adebayo, 2023).

The relevance of this study extends to public health, as maternal health directly impacts the well-being of families and communities. When mothers are healthy and supported, they are better able to care for their children, fostering a positive environment for growth and development. The insights gained from this study on postnatal exercise among mothers in Rivers State could serve as a foundation for broader maternal health initiatives that address both immediate and long-term health outcomes (Khaskheli, Baloch, & Sheeba, 2023).

1.2 Statement of Problem

Postnatal exercise has proven benefits for mothers' physical and mental health, aiding recovery, improving mood, and reducing the risk of chronic conditions like obesity and cardiovascular disease (Kołomańska-Bogucka & Mazur-Bialy, 2019). Despite these advantages, research indicates a significant gap in awareness, engagement, and support for postnatal exercise among mothers in Nigeria, particularly in rural and underserved areas (Mbada et al., 2023). Many studies focus on the general benefits of postpartum physical activity and emphasize its importance in maternal health but lack insight into specific cultural, social, and practical barriers that Nigerian mothers encounter (Hammer, Perkins, & Parr, 2020). As a result, few health interventions are tailored to address these unique challenges, leaving mothers in regions like Rivers State with limited guidance and support to engage in postnatal exercise.

Current research also overlooks the influence of local beliefs, social expectations, and economic factors that impact mothers’ attitudes and practices regarding postpartum exercise (Ibrahim, 2023). Cultural perceptions often discourage physical activity during the postpartum period, which could be addressed with community-based, culturally sensitive interventions, yet such programs are rare. Furthermore, limited healthcare infrastructure in many Nigerian communities restricts mothers’ access to comprehensive postpartum support, including exercise guidance (Sreenivasan, 2017). Although some health centers, like the Ozouba Health Center, provide basic maternity care, there is minimal data on mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and engagement with postnatal exercise, indicating a critical gap in both understanding and practice.

The absence of locally relevant data also impedes policymakers and healthcare providers from creating effective postnatal exercise programs. Without empirical insights into the specific motivators and barriers that influence exercise participation among Nigerian mothers, developing tailored, impactful health interventions is challenging (Daley et al., 2022). Additionally, most existing studies prioritize urban settings, overlooking rural populations that may face even greater obstacles, such as lack of childcare support, social stigma, or physical discomfort after childbirth, which discourage exercise participation (Adeniyi, Ogwumike, & Bamikefa, 2023).

This study addresses these gaps by examining the knowledge, attitudes, and participation in postnatal exercise among mothers at the Ozouba Health Center in Rivers State, Nigeria. It aims to identify specific barriers and motivators within this population, ultimately informing culturally appropriate, accessible health policies and programs that promote maternal health and well-being in underserved Nigerian communities (Alharqi & Albattawi, 2018).

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to:

1. Assess the level of knowledge about postnatal exercise among postnatal mothers at Ozouba Health Center.
2. Examine the attitudes of postnatal mothers towards postnatal exercise.
3. Evaluate the effects of postnatal exercise on the physical and psychological well-being of postnatal mothers.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the level of knowledge about postnatal exercise among postnatal mothers at Ozouba Health Center?
2. What are the attitudes of postnatal mothers towards postnatal exercise?
3. What are the effects of postnatal exercise on the physical and psychological well-being of postnatal mothers?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

1. There is no significant relationship between the level of knowledge about postnatal exercise and participation in exercise among postnatal mothers.
2. There is no significant relationship between attitudes towards postnatal exercise and participation in exercise among postnatal mothers.
3. There is no significant effect of postnatal exercise on the physical and psychological well-being of postnatal mothers.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study holds critical significance for a range of stakeholders, including health practitioners, policymakers, and postnatal mothers. By addressing the knowledge, attitudes, and participation levels of postnatal exercise among mothers, particularly in the context of the Ozouba Health Center in Rivers State, this research aims to bridge essential gaps that impact maternal health outcomes.

For health practitioners, the study provides invaluable insights into mothers’ current understanding and perceptions of postnatal exercise. These insights are vital for healthcare professionals, as they can help in designing effective, culturally sensitive interventions that promote exercise as part of a holistic postpartum recovery plan. By equipping practitioners with knowledge about common misconceptions or barriers faced by mothers, this study enables them to tailor guidance and support specifically to the needs of postpartum women. Targeted interventions developed with this information can help reduce postpartum complications, boost physical recovery, and encourage a healthier lifestyle, ultimately improving maternal and infant health outcomes (Mbada et al., 2023).

For policymakers, the findings from this study underline the necessity of structured and accessible postnatal care programs within healthcare systems. Current gaps in postnatal care often mean that exercise recommendations and resources are inconsistently provided, particularly in rural or underserved areas. The insights from this study could support the development of comprehensive maternal health policies that integrate postnatal exercise education into standard maternity care, ensuring mothers have ongoing, evidence-based support through various stages of recovery. By embedding postnatal exercise as a core component of healthcare services, policymakers can address broader public health goals of reducing postpartum health complications and fostering long-term health among mothers.

Finally, for postnatal mothers themselves, this study serves as a valuable resource to understand the numerous physical and mental health benefits associated with postpartum exercise. With increased awareness and knowledge, mothers are more likely to engage in positive health behaviors that support their recovery, reduce fatigue, and improve mood. This empowerment through knowledge allows mothers to make informed decisions about their health and adopt beneficial practices that enhance their well-being during a critical period of adjustment. By fostering an environment that supports and encourages postnatal exercise, this study aims to promote healthier habits that can improve the quality of life for both mothers and their families.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study is restricted to postnatal mothers attending the Ozouba Health Center in Rivers State. It will focus on assessing their knowledge, attitudes, and the effects of postnatal exercise within this specific health center. The study will not extend to other health centers or to postnatal mothers in other states or regions.

The study participants will include only mothers in the postpartum period, defined as the period following childbirth up to one year. Data will be collected through questionnaires to ensure direct insights from the mothers, and results will be interpreted within the context of Ozouba Health Center's specific practices and environment

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

1. Knowledge of Postnatal Exercise: Awareness or understanding of the importance, benefits, and recommended practices for physical exercise after childbirth among postnatal mothers.
2. Attitude towards Postnatal Exercise: Postnatal mothers’ beliefs, perceptions, and emotional responses toward engaging in physical activity after childbirth.
3. Effect of Postnatal Exercise: The physical, psychological, and emotional impact that engaging in exercise has on postnatal mothers, including aspects like physical fitness, mood, and recovery.
4. Postnatal Exercise: Physical activities or exercises recommended for women after childbirth to aid recovery and improve health, including light aerobic activities, stretching, and strength training.
5. Postpartum Period: The time frame following childbirth during which the mother’s body returns to its pre-pregnancy state, commonly defined as the first year after delivery.
6. Maternal Health: The health status of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, with an emphasis on factors affecting maternal well-being.
7. Ozouba Health Center: A healthcare facility located in Rivers State, Nigeria, providing maternity and postnatal services for the local population.
8. Physical Well-being: The overall state of physical health and fitness of postnatal mothers, including aspects such as physical strength, endurance, and recovery after childbirth.