KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE TOWARDS PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL EXERCISE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN UCTH ( TEACHING HOSPITAL CALABAR)

Abstract

This study employed a quantitative survey research design to investigate knowledge and attitudes towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH). A structured questionnaire was meticulously designed to collect data from a sample of 120 respondents, selected through a convenient sampling technique. The questionnaire covered aspects related to awareness, attitudes, healthcare provider recommendations, and sociodemographic factors influencing prenatal and postnatal exercise choices. The data collected were presented and analyzed using SPSS27, with statistical techniques such as the t-test applied to test the hypotheses formulated in the study. The findings of the study revealed a positive and informed perspective among pregnant women at UCTH regarding the benefits and safety of engaging in prenatal and postnatal exercises. The results indicated a high level of awareness about the advantages of such exercises, a favorable attitude towards participating in exercise programs, and a significant influence of access to reliable information on knowledge and attitude. The statistical analyses, particularly the t-test, supported the rejection of null hypotheses related to knowledge, attitude, and sociodemographic factors, establishing significant relationships in these domains. In conclusion, the study contributes valuable insights into the factors influencing pregnant women's engagement in prenatal and postnatal exercises within the UCTH community. The positive findings underscore the importance of targeted health communication strategies, collaboration with healthcare providers, and sociodemographic-informed interventions to promote maternal health and well-being. Based on these findings, recommendations include tailored health education programs, community engagement initiatives, and ongoing research to monitor the effectiveness of interventions. This study serves as a foundation for future research and interventions aimed at enhancing the overall health outcomes of pregnant women within the UCTH community.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Pregnancy is a transformative period in a woman's life, marked by physiological, psychological, and emotional changes. This phase necessitates a holistic approach to healthcare to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the unborn child. As pregnancy progresses, women often experience shifts in their physical and mental states, highlighting the importance of comprehensive care. The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) in Calabar, Nigeria, has been observing a growing interest in understanding the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women. This surge in interest is indicative of a recognition of the potential benefits that exercise can offer to both maternal and fetal health (Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists, 2021).

Research on prenatal and postnatal exercise has elucidated its positive impact on maternal well-being during and after pregnancy. Physical activity during pregnancy has been linked to improved maternal fitness, which is essential for coping with the physiological demands of pregnancy (Wolfe & Davies, 2019). Additionally, engaging in regular exercise has been associated with a reduced risk of gestational diabetes, a common concern during pregnancy that poses health risks to both the mother and the baby (Garland, 2017). Furthermore, exercise has been shown to have a positive effect on mood, potentially alleviating symptoms of stress and anxiety that may accompany pregnancy (Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists, 2021). The potential for shorter labor durations is another significant benefit associated with physical activity during pregnancy, highlighting the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle during this critical period (Wolfe & Davies, 2019).

Postnatally, exercise plays a crucial role in aiding women's recovery after childbirth. The postpartum period is characterized by physical changes and challenges, and engaging in appropriate exercise can contribute to a smoother recovery process. Exercise has been shown to assist in postpartum recovery by promoting muscle strength and flexibility, helping women regain their pre-pregnancy physical condition (Garland, 2017). Moreover, it plays a role in weight management, which is often a concern for women after giving birth. The positive impact of exercise on mental well-being is another noteworthy aspect, as it can help mitigate postpartum mood disorders and contribute to an overall sense of well-being for new mothers (Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists, 2021).

Despite these well-documented benefits, there is a need to explore the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women in UCTH. This is essential for tailoring interventions and providing accurate information to pregnant women, as their understanding and beliefs may influence their decisions regarding physical activity during and after pregnancy. Additionally, identifying any existing gaps in knowledge or misconceptions is crucial for healthcare providers to address, ensuring that pregnant women receive the most up-to-date and accurate guidance regarding exercise practices during these crucial periods (Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists, 2021).

The significance of understanding the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise is particularly emphasized in the context of the healthcare setting at UCTH. As the hospital witnesses a growing interest in this area, it becomes essential to explore the factors driving this interest and to assess the current state of knowledge and attitudes among pregnant women. This knowledge can inform the development of targeted health promotion programs and interventions that cater to the specific needs and concerns of the population served by UCTH (Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists, 2021).

In the context of UCTH, it is crucial to consider the sociodemographic factors that may influence the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women. Previous studies have highlighted the impact of factors such as age, education, and socioeconomic status on women's engagement in physical activity during pregnancy (Hjorth et al., 2012; Gibson et al., 2020). Therefore, an exploration of these factors in the UCTH population can provide valuable insights into the unique challenges and opportunities for promoting prenatal and postnatal exercise in this specific setting.

1.2 Statement of Problem

The increasing interest in understanding the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) highlights the significance of this research. While existing studies have demonstrated the positive impact of exercise during pregnancy on maternal fitness, gestational diabetes risk reduction, mood improvement, and postpartum recovery (Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists, 2021; Wolfe & Davies, 2019; Garland, 2017), there remains a notable gap in understanding the specific knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women in the UCTH setting.

One significant gap lies in the lack of research exploring the sociodemographic factors that may influence the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women attending UCTH. While previous studies have identified the impact of factors such as age, education, and socioeconomic status on women's engagement in physical activity during pregnancy (Hjorth et al., 2012; Gibson et al., 2020), these factors may manifest differently within the UCTH population. Understanding these unique influences is crucial for tailoring interventions to the specific needs and challenges faced by pregnant women seeking care at UCTH.

Furthermore, despite the well-documented benefits of prenatal and postnatal exercise, there is a paucity of research examining the current state of knowledge and attitudes among pregnant women at UCTH. This gap is particularly important in a healthcare setting where a growing interest in this area has been observed. Identifying any existing misconceptions or gaps in knowledge is essential for healthcare providers to address, ensuring that pregnant women receive accurate information that empowers them to make informed decisions regarding their physical activity during and after pregnancy.

Therefore, this study aims to bridge these gaps by providing a comprehensive exploration of the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women at UCTH. Through rigorous research methods, this study will contribute valuable insights into the factors influencing these aspects, enabling healthcare providers to develop targeted interventions that address the specific needs of this population and improve maternal and fetal outcomes in the UCTH setting.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of this study, in past tense, are as follows:

1. To assess the knowledge of pregnant women in UCTH regarding the benefits and safety of prenatal and postnatal exercise.

2. To examine the attitude of pregnant women in UCTH towards participating in prenatal and postnatal exercise programs.

3. To identify the factors influencing the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women in UCTH.

1.4 Research Questions

The research questions that guide this study are as follows:

1. What is the level of knowledge among pregnant women in UCTH regarding the benefits and safety of prenatal and postnatal exercise?

2. What is the attitude of pregnant women in UCTH towards participating in prenatal and postnatal exercise programs?

3. What factors influence the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women in UCTH?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following research hypotheses will be tested:

1. There is no significant relationship between the level of knowledge among pregnant women in UCTH about prenatal and postnatal exercise and their participation in such activities.

2. The attitude of pregnant women in UCTH towards prenatal and postnatal exercise does not significantly influence their engagement in these activities.

3. Sociodemographic factors such as age, education, and socioeconomic status does not significantly impact the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women in UCTH towards prenatal and postnatal exercise.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The implications of this study extend across multiple stakeholders, encompassing healthcare professionals, policymakers, and pregnant women, each standing to gain valuable insights from the research findings. Foremost, a nuanced understanding of the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise holds significant implications for healthcare providers. Armed with this insight, they can customize their recommendations and interventions, ensuring that pregnant women at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) receive tailored guidance that aligns with their unique needs and circumstances (Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists, 2021). This tailored approach contributes to more effective and personalized healthcare practices within the UCTH setting.

Policymakers also stand to benefit significantly from the outcomes of this study. The research findings can serve as a foundation for the development of targeted health promotion programs aimed at enhancing maternal and fetal outcomes. By aligning policies with the specific knowledge and attitudes prevalent among pregnant women at UCTH, policymakers can address existing gaps, promote healthy behaviors, and contribute to the overall improvement of maternal healthcare within the region. This research, therefore, has the potential to inform evidence-based policy decisions that resonate with the unique characteristics of the UCTH population.

For pregnant women themselves, the implications are transformative. Access to accurate information derived from this study empowers them to make informed decisions regarding their physical activity during and after pregnancy. Armed with a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and potential risks associated with prenatal and postnatal exercise, pregnant women can actively participate in shaping their healthcare journey. This empowerment contributes not only to improved health outcomes for the women themselves but also enhances the well-being of their infants, fostering a positive impact on the health of future generations within the UCTH community. In essence, this study serves as a catalyst for knowledge dissemination, facilitating informed decision-making and promoting better health practices among pregnant women in the UCTH context.

1.7 Scope of the Study

In the past, this study focused on pregnant women attending the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) in Calabar. The scope encompassed their knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise. The study considered factors such as age, education, socioeconomic status, and any other relevant variables influencing their perceptions and practices.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

Prenatal Exercise: Physical activity undertaken by pregnant women before childbirth, with the aim of promoting overall health and well-being during pregnancy.

Postnatal Exercise: Physical activity performed by women after childbirth to aid in postpartum recovery, enhance fitness, and manage weight.

Knowledge: The understanding and awareness of pregnant women about the benefits and safety of prenatal and postnatal exercise.

Attitude: The feelings, beliefs, and perceptions of pregnant women towards participating in prenatal and postnatal exercise programs.

Sociodemographic Factors: Variables such as age, education, and socioeconomic status that may influence the knowledge and attitude towards prenatal and postnatal exercise.

Healthcare Professionals: Individuals involved in the provision of healthcare services to pregnant women, including doctors, nurses, and midwives.

Policymakers: Individuals responsible for formulating and implementing policies related to maternal and child health, including those concerning prenatal and postnatal exercise.

Health Promotion Programs: Initiatives designed to educate and empower individuals to adopt healthy behaviors, including physical activity during pregnancy.