PERCEIVED CAUSES OF ECLAMPSIA BY PRE AND POST NATAL MOTHERS VISITING SOME SELECTED PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES IN UROMI EDO STATE

Abstract

This quantitative survey research aimed to investigate the perceived causes of eclampsia among pre and postnatal mothers in Uromi, Edo State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data from a sample of 306 respondents visiting selected primary health centers. The study adopted a t-test to test hypotheses regarding differences in perception among pre and postnatal mothers and the influence of socio-cultural factors on their understanding of eclampsia causes. The findings revealed significant disparities in perceived causes between pre and postnatal mothers, with socio-cultural factors exerting a significant influence on their perceptions. Additionally, the study identified healthcare access barriers and traditional practices as key factors shaping women's understanding of eclampsia. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of understanding the socio-cultural context in addressing maternal health issues such as eclampsia. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions aimed at improving healthcare access and addressing traditional beliefs and practices to enhance maternal health outcomes. Recommendations include the development of culturally sensitive educational programs, community engagement initiatives, and policy interventions to address the underlying determinants of eclampsia. By addressing these factors, healthcare stakeholders can work towards reducing the burden of eclampsia and improving maternal and perinatal health in Uromi and similar settings.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Eclampsia remains a significant health concern globally, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. It is a hypertensive disorder characterized by seizures in pregnant women, typically after the 20th week of gestation (Lee et al., 2022). Despite advances in medical science, eclampsia continues to be a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity, particularly in low-resource settings (Gordon, 2019). Understanding the perceived causes of eclampsia by pre and postnatal mothers is crucial for designing effective preventive measures and improving maternal health outcomes.

Research has shown that various factors contribute to the development of eclampsia, including genetic predisposition, nutritional deficiencies, and inadequate prenatal care (Sakeah et al., 2017). Socioeconomic factors such as poverty, lack of education, and limited access to healthcare services also play a significant role in increasing the risk of eclampsia among pregnant women (Overbosch et al., 2020). Additionally, cultural beliefs and practices related to pregnancy and childbirth may influence women's perceptions of eclampsia and their willingness to seek medical care (Lori et al., 2020).

One of the perceived causes of eclampsia among pre and postnatal mothers is poor diet and nutrition during pregnancy (Lincetto et al., 2020). Many women in developing countries, including Nigeria, may not have access to adequate nutrition or may lack knowledge about the importance of a balanced diet during pregnancy (Tavakol & Sandars, 2020). As a result, nutritional deficiencies, such as low levels of calcium and magnesium, can increase the risk of developing eclampsia (Lori et al., 2017).

Another perceived cause of eclampsia is hypertension or high blood pressure during pregnancy (van Oostwaard et al., 2017). Hypertensive disorders, including gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia, are known risk factors for eclampsia and can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby (Hutcheon et al., 2021). Women with pre-existing hypertension or those who develop high blood pressure during pregnancy require close monitoring and medical intervention to prevent eclampsia (Adu-Bonsaffoh et al., n.d.).

In addition to physiological factors, cultural beliefs and practices may also contribute to the perceived causes of eclampsia among pre and postnatal mothers (Carter et al., 2022). In many communities, pregnancy and childbirth are surrounded by cultural traditions and rituals that influence women's behaviors and decision-making regarding their health (Santiago et al., 2020). Misconceptions about the causes of eclampsia, such as supernatural or spiritual beliefs, may deter women from seeking timely medical care (Lori et al., 2020).

Moreover, inadequate access to prenatal care and skilled healthcare providers can exacerbate the risk of eclampsia among pregnant women (Etikan & Bala, 2017). In rural areas of Nigeria, for example, women may face challenges accessing antenatal care services due to long distances, transportation barriers, and limited healthcare infrastructure (Ghana Statistical Service et al., 2018). As a result, many women may not receive essential screenings and interventions to identify and manage conditions like hypertension and eclampsia.

1.2 Statement of Problem

The existing gaps in understanding eclampsia among pre and postnatal mothers in Nigeria, particularly in Uromi, Edo State, present significant challenges in addressing this critical health issue. Despite its global significance, eclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity, especially in low-resource settings (Lee et al., 2022). In Nigeria, the burden of eclampsia contributes to high maternal mortality rates, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions and strategies to improve maternal health outcomes (Gordon, 2019).

However, current research predominantly focuses on clinical aspects and medical management of eclampsia, overlooking the socio-cultural factors influencing women's perceptions and behaviors related to this condition (Sakeah et al., 2017). This gap in knowledge hinders the development of effective preventive measures and interventions tailored to the specific needs and contexts of pre and postnatal mothers in Uromi, Edo State (Lori et al., 2020).

Moreover, existing literature on eclampsia in Nigeria often lacks a localized perspective, with studies primarily conducted in urban areas or tertiary healthcare settings (van Oostwaard et al., 2017). This geographical bias limits the applicability of findings to rural and underserved communities like Uromi, where access to healthcare services may be limited, and socio-cultural factors may play a significant role in shaping women's perceptions and health-seeking behaviors (Etikan & Bala, 2017).

Therefore, addressing the gaps in understanding the perceived causes of eclampsia among pre and postnatal mothers in Uromi, Edo State, is essential for developing evidence-based interventions and policies aimed at reducing maternal mortality and morbidity rates in Nigeria. By conducting localized research that considers socio-cultural determinants and healthcare access barriers, we can gain insights into the unique challenges faced by women in this community and implement targeted strategies to improve maternal health outcomes.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To investigate the perceived causes of eclampsia among pre and postnatal mothers visiting selected primary health centers in Uromi, Edo State, Nigeria.

2. To identify any differences in perceived causes between pre and postnatal mothers.

3. To explore the socio-cultural factors influencing the perception of eclampsia causes among pre and postnatal mothers.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the perceived causes of eclampsia among pre and postnatal mothers in Uromi, Edo State?

2. Are there differences in the perceived causes of eclampsia between pre and postnatal mothers?

3. How do socio-cultural factors influence the perception of eclampsia causes among pre and postnatal mothers?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

1. There is no significant difference in the perceived causes of eclampsia between pre and postnatal mothers.

2. Socio-cultural factors do not significantly influence the perception of eclampsia causes among pre and postnatal mothers.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study hold significant promise for advancing our understanding of maternal health in Nigeria, particularly regarding the complex issue of eclampsia. Eclampsia represents a formidable challenge to maternal well-being, contributing substantially to maternal and perinatal mortality rates in the country. By delving into the perceived causes of eclampsia among both pre and postnatal mothers, this research aims to shed light on the underlying factors driving this condition, thus providing valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders.

Understanding the nuanced reasons behind eclampsia occurrences among expectant and recent mothers is paramount for devising targeted interventions aimed at prevention and management. By elucidating the socio-cultural, economic, and healthcare access determinants influencing women's perceptions and behaviors concerning eclampsia, this study seeks to equip stakeholders with the knowledge necessary to design and implement effective strategies. These strategies may include improved access to prenatal care, education on proper nutrition and lifestyle choices during pregnancy, and community-based support networks for expectant mothers.

Moreover, the study's findings have the potential to catalyze further research endeavors in the field of maternal health. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the perceived causes of eclampsia in Nigeria, this research lays the groundwork for future investigations into related areas, such as the impact of cultural beliefs and practices on maternal health outcomes, or the efficacy of different interventions in reducing eclampsia incidence. Such follow-up studies could deepen our understanding of the complexities surrounding maternal health and contribute to the development of evidence-based approaches to address these challenges.

Furthermore, the insights gleaned from this study may inform the development of educational programs aimed at raising awareness about eclampsia and its risk factors among expectant mothers. By disseminating knowledge about the signs and symptoms of eclampsia, as well as the importance of seeking timely medical care, these programs could empower women to take proactive steps in safeguarding their health and the health of their unborn children. Additionally, educating healthcare providers about the socio-cultural context in which eclampsia occurs could enhance their ability to provide culturally sensitive care and support to affected women.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on investigating the perceived causes of eclampsia among pre and postnatal mothers visiting selected primary health centers in Uromi, Edo State, Nigeria. The research will include both qualitative and quantitative methods to gather data from participants. The study will not delve into clinical aspects or medical treatments of eclampsia but will instead concentrate on understanding the perceptions and beliefs surrounding its causes among the target population.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

Eclampsia: A serious condition in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure and seizures.

Perceived causes: The beliefs or ideas held by individuals regarding the factors contributing to a specific phenomenon, in this case, eclampsia.

Pre and Postnatal Mothers: Women who are pregnant or have recently given birth.

Primary Health Centers: Local healthcare facilities providing basic medical services.

Uromi: A town in Edo State, Nigeria, serving as the geographical focus of this study.

Maternal Mortality: The death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days after delivery.

Perinatal Mortality: The death of a fetus or newborn within the first week after birth.

Socio-cultural Factors: Social and cultural influences that shape individuals' perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors regarding health and illness.